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José Rizal
José Protasio Mercado Rizal y Alonso Realonda or popularly known as José Rizal (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures )〕 He was the author of the novels ''Noli Me Tángere'',〔''Noli Me Tángere'', translated by Soledad Locsin (Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996) ISBN 971-569-188-9.〕 and ''El Filibusterismo'', and a number of poems and essays.
==Early life==
José Rizal was born in 1861 to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso in the town of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a ''hacienda'' and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted the additional surnames of ''Rizal'' and ''Realonda'' in 1849, after Governor General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among the Filipinos for census purposes (though they already had Spanish names).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jose Rizal (Family ) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jose Rizal Biography - National Hero of the Philippines )〕
From an early age, José showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5.〔 Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he dropped the last three names that make up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Paciano and the Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: ''"My family never paid much attention (our second surname Rizal ), but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!"''〔Vicente L. Rafael (On Rizal's El Filibusterismo ), University of Washington, Dept. of History.〕 This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza) who had been accused and executed for treason.
Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his ''El Filibusterismo'', this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, ''"All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name..."''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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